Comparative efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on emergency delirium in postoperative children: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

This Bayesian network meta-analysis provides low-to-moderate certainty evidence suggesting that VR and simple oral cold stimulation (ice popsicles) may reduce ED and early postoperative pain in children. PAPIA may modestly reduce children's perioperative anxiety, while EP appears most effective in alleviating parental anxiety. However, no intervention demonstrated significant improvement in induction compliance.