Epistemic and ethical limits of large language models in evidence-based medicine: from knowledge to judgment

This study suggests that directly applying general-purpose LLMs to clinical evidence tasks entails some limitations. Under current architectures, these systems lack embodied engagement with clinical phenomena, do not participate in institutional evaluative norms, and cannot assume responsibility for reasoning. These findings provide a directional compass for future medical AI, including ground outputs in real-world data, integrate deployment into clinical workflows with oversight, and design human-AI collaboration with clear responsibility.