Nanotechnology in dentistry – A review

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in healthcare, with dentistry witnessing rapid advances in diverse applications. Defined as the manipulation of matter below 100 nm, nanotechnology offers unique properties enabling significant benefits in restorative dentistry, preventive care, endodontics, prosthodontics, implantology, periodontology, diagnostics, and potential future nanorobotics. In restorative dentistry, nanocomposites with silica, zirconia, and nanodiamonds enhance mechanical performance, polishability, and reduce polymerization shrinkage, while nano-glass ionomers improve fluoride release and aesthetics. Preventive dentistry benefits from nano-hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate in remineralization therapies, and antimicrobial oral care products incorporate silver, zinc oxide, and chitosan nanoparticles for biofilm management. Endodontic applications include nanoparticle-modified sealers and medicaments with improved antimicrobial action and sealing ability. Prosthodontics uses nanoparticles in denture base materials for enhanced strength, esthetics, and antifungal effects. In implantology, nanoscale modifications of implant surfaces promote osseointegration and reduce bacterial adhesion. Diagnostics have advanced through nanobiosensors capable of detecting biomarkers at femtomolar concentrations, facilitating early detection of oral and systemic diseases. Despite significant promise, nanotechnology poses challenges related to biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, systemic toxicity, environmental accumulation, and regulatory oversight. A balanced evaluation of benefits and risks, coupled with rigorous research, is crucial for clinical translation. Future prospects include smart, stimuli-responsive materials, personalized therapies, and potential nanorobotic interventions in dental practice.