Plant-based protein consumption patterns among Saudi Generation Z: a cross-sectional study of dietary frequencies, health outcomes, and sustainable eating behaviors

Plant-based protein consumption among this Saudi Gen Z convenience sample remains markedly lower than animal-based protein intake, indicating limited integration of legumes, nuts, and plant-based alternatives into routine diets. Higher consumption frequency was observed alongside lower BMI and greater engagement in sustainable eating behaviors, suggesting associations that warrant further study. However, the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation, and consumption frequency reflects behavioral patterns rather than validated nutritional intake or adequacy. Promoting health benefits while respecting traditional food practices may support healthier dietary shifts among young Arabs.