Retrieval of Dual-Doppler Lidar Wind Fields at Jeju International Airport with Multi-Sensor Evaluation

Two mJ Doppler lidars were operated simultaneously at Jeju International Airport to retrieve dual-Doppler horizontal wind fields at 1-minute resolution. The results were validated using the Airport Meteorological Observation System (AMOS), Low-Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS), and wind profiler radar (WPR). The dual-Doppler wind speed was in high agreement with the observations of AMOS and LLWAS (correlation≥0.95, bias≈0 m s−1, standard deviation≈0.5 m s−1), and the wind direction standard deviation was 11~12°. During periods of strong winds, scanning-direction errors and local shear led to error propagation and increased speed variance. When compared with the WPR, a small beam-intersection angle increased dispersion and reduced correlation, with height differences in WPR operating modes and the assumption of negligible vertical velocity jointly affecting the results. To diagnose the error sources, we validated the single-lidar radial velocities against in-situ estimates, confirming their high accuracy. This study quantifies the accuracy of dual-Doppler retrievals and outlines field-based verification procedures while identifying key error sources.