Functional Analysis Identifies Multiple Effectors of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Suppressing Plant Pattern-Triggered Immunity

<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter spp. can infect most citrus plants and rely entirely on phloem sieve tube cells of the host plant for survival. <i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter primarily contains <i>Ca.</i> L. asiaticus (CLas), <i>Ca.</i> L. africanus (CLaf), and <i>Ca.</i> L. americanus (CLam). Among these, CLas is the most harmful and widely distributed and is the primary pathogen of the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Effectors are among the core weapons secreted by pathogens into plant cells to attack the plant immune system. In this study, we focused on CLas-specific effectors and those that are highly expressed during the infection stage to identify essential virulence effectors. Using secretion signal peptide prediction analysis, 40 candidate effectors with potential secretory capabilities were identified. Transient expression of these candidate effectors in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> revealed their impact on pattern-triggered immunity, including INF-induced cell death and microbial pattern-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and the resistance of <i>N. benthamiana</i> to the bacterial pathogen <i>Pst</i> DC3000. 10 candidate effectors capable of suppressing plant immunity were identified. The stable expression of these candidate effectors in Arabidopsis showed that several candidate effectors enhanced plant susceptibility to <i>Pst</i> DC3000 and inhibited flg22-induced ROS production and MAPK activation. Among the three candidate effectors that significantly suppressed ROS burst, one effector, E3 (CLIBASIA_03085), interacts with the plant NADPH oxidase RbohD, a key enzyme responsible for ROS production. This suggests that E3 likely inhibits ROS accumulation by directly targeting RbohD. Here, we identified multiple candidate effectors capable of suppressing microbial pattern-triggered immunity that may be essential virulence factors for CLas infection, enhancing our understanding of CLas pathogenesis.