Supramolecular wearable patch for continuous non-invasive blood glucose monitoring

Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires continuous glucose monitoring for effective management, but current monitoring methods exist invasive and non-continuous problems. In this study, we firstly developed a non-invasive skin patch for glucose continuous monitoring using MXene-based (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) conductive supramolecular hydrogels. The hydrogel, composed of MXene, polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glucose oxidase (GOx), exhibited highly conductive, soft, and good enzyme activity, with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Prussian blue particles deposited on the electrode, which served as a supramolecular electrochemical sensing platform (GM3PAS). Combined with reverse iontophoresis (RI), GM3PAS worn by New Zealand rabbit models and human volunteers extracted glucose from interstitial fluid on the surface of skin for non-invasive monitoring, whose results consistent with fingertip glucose meters. The biosensor demonstrated excellent conductivity, stability, and a wide detection range from 0 to 5.3 mM glucose with a limit of detection of 9 μmol. It proved that GM3PAS patch can use on human skin for three weeks, whose monitoring cycle longer than commercial products. This study provides a new continuous non-invasive blood glucose monitoring wearable device for diabetes, which will be expected to be applied to clinical transformation in the future.