Triboelectric Wearable Devices for Wound Healing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Innovative Designs

Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body, facing severe challenges such as bacterial infection, prolonged non-healing of chronic wounds, and a lack of dynamic monitoring methods. Although traditional electrical stimulation (ES) therapy can improve healing outcomes by promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting infection, and accelerating tissue regeneration, its reliance on external power sources, rigid electrodes, and lack of real-time feedback limit its clinical application. In recent years, triboelectric wearable devices (e.g., Triboelectric Nanogenerators, TENGs) based on triboelectric active materials have provided breakthrough solutions for intelligent wound management. This article systematically reviews the latest advances in triboelectric wearable devices for intelligent wound management. It first summarizes the types of triboelectric and electrode layer materials and structural design strategies, then elucidates the intrinsic mechanisms by which they promote cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, and assist wound healing. Furthermore, it explores their innovative applications in clinical settings, including combination with other treatment methods and integration with intelligent diagnostic platforms. Finally, addressing current challenges such as material stability, device integration design, and large-scale production, future research directions are proposed to provide references for the optimization and clinical translation of intelligent wound management systems.