Enriching Triboelectric Signal Waveform Characteristics Based on Complex Interface Structure for Monitoring Device Operating Status

Current triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices are effective for monitoring vibration frequency, intensity, and environmental conditions. However, due to structural and operational limitations, they are generally incapable of recognizing detailed vibration waveforms. To address this challenge, we developed a polydimethylsiloxane -encapsulated honeycomb nickel sheet, which enhances triboelectric signal waveform characteristics through a complex interfacial structure. This elastic polymer-metal composite, configured in a closed sandwich structure, enriches waveform detail and significantly improves recognition accuracy. Moreover, the encapsulated architecture stabilizes output signal waveforms under harsh environmental conditions, underscoring its potential for robust, real-world sensing applications in natural environment. Under vibrational excitation, the device output exhibits a series of attenuated peaks. The measured relative errors in frequency monitoring are 0.4-2.2%, 0-1%, and 0.8%-4% at vibration frequencies of 30, 50, and 80 Hz, respectively, demonstrating high accuracy across a range of operating conditions. Furthermore, a vibration perception system integrating the TENG-based sensor with data processing and display modules is developed, which enables rapid and accurate recognition of real-time triboelectric signals, achieving a recognition accuracy of approximately 95%. These results demonstrate the system's capability for precise monitoring of equipment operational status via vibration waveform analysis.