Energy intensive industry upgrading: the empirical analysis based on global value chain and product space

Upgrading the energy-intensive industry is crucial for addressing global climate risks and fostering new competitive advantages. This study explores theoretical and empirical pathways for industry upgrading from “meso-industry” and “micro-product” perspectives using Global Value Chain (GVC) theory. An empirical analysis, based on data from 2007 to 2020 for 38 major global economies, includes a case study of China to propose specific product pathways for upgrading. Findings highlight that the “learning-by-doing” effect positively impacts energy utilization efficiency and cleaner energy consumption, enhancing international competitiveness. While product density facilitates sector transitions and competitiveness, high technological complexity, despite indicating advanced capabilities, may initially hinder rapid upgrading due to innovation challenges. These insights are crucial for policymakers in China and other major developing economies (e.g., Vietnam, Mexico) facing the middle-income trap, as they navigate the dual challenge of maintaining growth and achieving decarbonization.