PLUTO: A Public Value Assessment Tool

In this article, we present Public VaLUe Assessment TOol (PLUTO), a framework for assessing the public value of specific instances of data use. Grounded in the concept of data solidarity, PLUTO aims to empower diverse stakeholders-including regulatory bodies, private enterprises, nongovernmental organization (NGOs), and individuals-to critically engage with data projects through a structured assessment of the risks and benefits of data use, and by encouraging critical reflection. This article discusses the theoretical foundation, development process, and initial user experiences with PLUTO. Key challenges include translating qualitative assessments of benefits and risks into actionable quantitative metrics while maintaining inclusivity and transparency. Initial feedback highlights PLUTO's potential to foster responsible decision-making and shared accountability in data practices.