Evaluating the impact of emission control areas on fine particulate pollution in Incheon Port

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of South Korea’s Emission Control Area (ECA) policy in reducing fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions at Incheon Port, focusing on emissions from maritime activities and their spatial diffusion in a densely populated metropolitan area. Design/methodology/approach A comparative analysis was conducted using two scenarios: one without ECA policy enforcement and one with phased ECA implementation from 2020 to 2022. Emissions were calculated using the Tier 3 methodology of the European Environment Agency (EEA) emission inventory guidebook and pollutant dispersion was modeled using the CALPUFF atmospheric dispersion system. Findings The ECA policy significantly reduced PM emissions over a three-year period. Total emissions under the ECA scenario declined from 96 tons in 2020 to 59 tons in 2022, compared to 144–156 tons under the no-policy scenario. CALPUFF simulations also showed marked reductions in both the concentration and diffusion range of PM10 and PM2.5, indicating improved air quality in the Incheon Port area. Originality/value This study is among the first to provide a multi-year empirical assessment of ECA policy impacts in a Korean port using both emission inventory and dispersion modeling. It offers critical insights for policymakers and port authorities aiming to design evidence-based environmental strategies in urban port settings.