Soil fertility appraisal for Palwal district of Haryana using geospatial tools

Understanding the spatial variability of soil fertility is vital for site-specific nutrient management and precise fertiliser recommendations. A study was carried out during 2022–23 across blocks of Palwal District, Haryana to assess and map the fertility status of soils with respect to nutrients (NPK) using GPS and GIS techniques. A total of 228 geo-referenced surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected and analysed for nutrient content, and thematic maps were prepared based on standard fertility ratings. Results showed marked variability in soil fertility across the district. Approximately 64% and 45% of the area fell in the high fertility category for P and K, respectively, whereas no sample recorded a high nitrogen status. Medium fertility classes accounted for 3, 24, and 50% of the samples for N, P, and K, respectively. In contrast, low fertility was widespread for nitrogen (97%), affecting the majority of soils, while only 12% and 5% of samples were low in P and K. Block-wise variation indicated that Parithala had the highest mean nitrogen content, Palwal had highest phosphorus, and Hodal had highest potassium. The calculated soil fertility index (SFI) for the district was 1.79, placing soils under the medium fertility category overall. Correlation matrix and PCA analysis revealed that spatial variation in fertility was mainly influenced by organic matter status and macronutrient availability. Three distinct fertility groups were identified, underscoring the importance of organic matter enrichment and balanced nutrient application in sustaining soil productivity.The widespread nitrogen deficiency, continuous K depletion and overall medium fertility calls for organic matter enrichment and balanced fertilisation.