Maximizing microalgal lutein through light patterning and nutrient shifts in photobioreactors

From an economic perspective, the integrated strategy in a two-stage process can reduce costs by 28-32% of lutein, owing to improved nutrient utilization, enhanced energy efficiency in light modulation, and shorter cultivation time. The process thus demonstrates a favorable productivity-to-cost ratio, strengthening the economic feasibility of microalgal lutein production. Integrated light-nutrient strategies effectively enhance lutein production while minimizing degradation. This sustainable approach supports SDG 3 (health), SDG 9 (innovation), and SDG 13 (climate action), paving the way for a scalable microalgae lutein bioprocess. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.