Effects of planting density and nitrogen application on the growth of Xanthium strumarium subsp. sibiricum under manganese stress

This study demonstrates that planting density and N applications significantly affect Mn accumulation and the tolerance of <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> subsp. <i>sibiricum</i> to Mn stress, primarily by promoting the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and reducing Mn concentration in plant tissues. These findings highlight that appropriate N management and planting density can mitigate Mn toxicity and improve plant resilience under Mn stress.