BAM 15 Exerts Molluscicidal Effects on Pomacea canaliculata Through the Induction of Oxidative Stress, Impaired Energy Metabolism, and Tissue Damage

Our findings reveal that BAM 15 operates via a three-stage mechanism: (1) it disrupts membrane potential (ΔΨm) and impairs ATP production, severely disturbing energy metabolism; (2) energy deficits stimulate excessive electron transport chain activity, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and initiating oxidative stress; (3) persistent metabolic imbalance and oxidative damage culminate in extensive tissue injury. These results identify BAM 15 as a promising candidate for molluscicide development.