Faith, spirituality and social inclusion: can spiritual communities support mental wellbeing?

Purpose This opinion piece aims to explore the complex and often ambivalent role of spiritual and faith-based communities in relation to mental wellbeing and social inclusion. Rather than treating these communities as either inherently protective or inherently harmful, this study examines the conditions under which they may nurture belonging, recognition and relational care, particularly among individuals who experience poverty, migration, aging, stigma or social isolation. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a reflective, conceptual and theoretically informed discussion grounded in social inclusion and relational wellbeing perspectives. Drawing on contemporary debates on spirituality, community life and the social determinants of mental health, it critically considers both the supportive and poctentially exclusionary dynamics present within spiritual environments, including issues of stigma, power, moral judgment and autonomy. Findings The analysis suggests that spiritual communities can contribute to mental wellbeing when they cultivate compassion, openness, continuity of care and respect for diversity, providing accessible spaces of belonging and meaning outside formal services. However, when they reproduce coercive structures, silence vulnerability or discourage professional help-seeking, they may intensify exclusion and distress. This paper argues for dialogue, rather than opposition, between spiritual communities and mental health services, grounded in ethical responsibility and mutual respect. Originality/value This study offers a nuanced and context-sensitive account of spirituality and mental health that moves beyond polarized debates. By framing spiritual communities as relational social environments rather than purely doctrinal institutions, it highlights their potential, and their limits, as sites of social inclusion and psychosocial support in contemporary societies.