Load Characteristics and Friction Torque Analysis of Triple-Row Wheel Hub Bearings

Aiming at analyzing the load characteristics and friction torque of triple-row hub bearings for new energy vehicles, this work established a comprehensive theoretical and experimental methodology for predicting the internal load distribution and friction torque. Firstly, considering the preload effect via an initial negative clearance, deformation coordination and force balance equations for the triple-row bearing under axial load were formulated, to analyze the external loads under various driving conditions. Based on contact deformation theory, a quasi-static model was developed to combine radial, axial, and moment loads. The Newton–Raphson iterative algorithm was employed to solve the ball load distribution equations, and the correctness was verified by using the finite element method. Furthermore, accounting for the elastic hysteresis, differential sliding, and spin sliding, the theoretical models for friction torque components were established, to investigate the influence of structural parameters and the total friction torque under different driving conditions. Finally, to confirm the effectiveness and the precision of the model, a finite element simulation and experimental measurements of friction torque were conducted, respectively, which showed good agreement with theoretical calculations. The main innovations include proposing a mechanical modeling method for triple-row hub bearings that accounts for preload effects, and establishing an integrated friction torque analysis model applicable to multiple driving conditions. This work provides theoretical support and a methodological foundation for the design of next-generation hub bearings for new energy vehicles.