Dissociating Contributions of Theta and Alpha Oscillations from Aperiodic Neural Activity in Human Visual Working Memory

While visual working memory (WM) is strongly associated with reductions in occipitoparietal alpha (8-12 Hz) power, the role of frontal midline theta (4-7 Hz) power is less clear, with both increases and decreases widely reported. Here, we test the hypothesis that this theta paradox can be explained by nonoscillatory, aperiodic neural activity dynamics. Because traditional time-frequency analyses of electroencephalography (EEG) data conflate oscillations and aperiodic activity, event-related changes in aperiodic activity can manifest as task-related changes in apparent oscillations, even when none are present. Reanalyzing EEG data from two visual WM experiments (<i>n</i> = 74, of either sex), and leveraging spectral parameterization, we found systematic changes in aperiodic activity with WM load, and we replicated classic alpha, but not theta, oscillatory effects after controlling for aperiodic changes. Aperiodic activity decreased during WM retention and further flattened over the occipitoparietal cortex with an increase in WM load. After controlling for these dynamics, aperiodic-adjusted alpha power decreased with increasing WM load. In contrast, aperiodic-adjusted theta power appeared to increase during WM retention, but because aperiodic activity reduces more, it falsely appears as though theta "oscillatory" power (e.g., total band power) is reduced. Furthermore, only a minority of participants (31/74) had a detectable degree of theta oscillations. These results offer a potential resolution to the theta paradox where studies show contrasting power changes. Additionally, we have identified novel aperiodic dynamics during human visual WM.