Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to autonomous or semi-autonomous systems capable of interpreting data, generating inferences, and guiding decisions, thereby reshaping the foundations of work and organizational processes. Its rapid integration into productive settings gives rise to emerging risks, understood as new or evolving hazards that stem from human–machine interaction, algorithmic decision-making, and shifting sociotechnical conditions. Within occupational safety and health (OSH), these risks encompass novel cognitive, psychosocial, organizational, and ethical challenges, making it necessary to develop preventive frameworks that align technological innovation with human well-being, transparency, and responsible governance.