Unpacking postpartum depression in rural India: an integrated analysis of risk factors at 12 months and child development outcomes at 18 months of age – findings from the SPRING study

This is among the first Indian studies to longitudinally examine the association between postpartum depression at 12 months and child development at 18 months, addressing a major evidence gap in rural settings. The study identified a distinct risk profile for postpartum depression shaped by socioeconomic and maternal adversity. Postpartum depression showed domain-specific associations with language delays, explained by contextual factors. These findings highlight the need to integrate evidence-based mental health screening and support for at-risk mothers and children into existing maternal and child health services in rural contexts.