Nanoparticles in ocular cancer: Diagnosis and treatment

The complicated nature of the human eye structure makes diagnosing and treating ocular disorders difficult, particularly given the low effectiveness of ocular drug delivery. As nanomaterials continue to advance, numerous ocular nano-drug delivery systems like liposome, nanofibers, nano emulsions with their extended drug delivery, long-term controlled release, and targeted administration have been done to address shortcomings in standard ophthalmology diagnosis and therapy. These unique nanomaterials, which have numerous properties, are intended to give controllability, accuracy, and individualization when treating eye problems. Nanotechnology has advanced significantly, resulting in the production of nanometer-sized items as medical implants or gadgets. Many of these nanodevices have lately been tested in various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including leukemia, melanoma, breast tumors, prostate tumors, and brain cancer. Despite the growing importance of nanotechnology in cancer, the potential of these nanodevices for identifying and treating ophthalmic tumors has not been thoroughly investigated. This review highlights key advancements and potential future directions in the application of nanotechnology for the treatment and diagnosis of ocular cancer, emphasizing novel approaches and emerging trends. Role of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease • Nanoparticles improve ocular cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy through deep penetration, controlled release, and reduced toxicity. • Advances (2022–2025) in gold, magnetic, and quantum dot nanoparticles enable multimodal imaging with improved contrast and biomarker targeting. • Next-generation nano-platforms precisely deliver drugs, genes, and immunomodulators, enhancing photothermal, photodynamic, and theranostic efficacy. • Preclinical and early clinical studies confirm safe and effective nanocarriers for retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma with strong translational promise.