Parathyroid Gland Disorders in Children

Parathyroid gland disorders in children constitute an important group of endocrine conditions that disturb calcium and phosphorus metabolism, leading to significant neuromuscular, skeletal, renal, and cardiovascular complications. The major pediatric parathyroid disorders include hypoparathyroidism presenting with tetany, primary hyperparathyroidism, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. These conditions may arise from congenital, genetic, autoimmune, nutritional, or acquired causes. Due to the dynamic growth and development occurring in childhood, disturbances in calcium homeostasis can have profound and long-lasting effects. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and regular follow-up are essential to prevent complications such as seizures, bone deformities, nephrocalcinosis, and growth retardation. This article provides an in-depth review of the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, treatment options, preventive strategies, and long-term medical follow-up of parathyroid gland disorders in children.