Oral tolerogenic vaccine combined with gastrin restores immune tolerance and beta-cell function in NOD mice with Type 1 diabetes

The combination of the oral <i>Salmonella</i>-based vaccine and GAST-17 improved glycemic control in NOD mice and was strongly associated with β-cell preservation and immune regulation. This dual-acting strategy, integrating immune modulation with β-cell preservation, may offer durable therapy in autoimmune diabetes and could have potential for future clinical translation.