Deep learning analysis of particle content in extracted slow-release morphine: longer boiling reduces large fragments while retaining morphine extraction

The extraction methods used by injecting drug users result in significant variability in morphine recovery and particle content of filtrates. Method D (10-minute vs. 3-minute boiling) demonstrated the highest efficiency in particle reduction, with only 10% less morphine recovery. Lack of coat removal significantly increases the number of primarily small (<100 μm) fragments. These findings highlight the importance of evidence-based harm-reduction measures to mitigate risks associated with injecting tablet-derived solutions. The results may support harm-reduction counselling and service design aimed at reducing particulate exposure and related complications, without endorsing or facilitating drug use.