Modulation of cannabis flower characteristics and THC through a biostimulant complex of molasses, <i>Aloe vera</i> extract, and fish-hydrolysate

ABSTRACT Biostimulants have demonstrated capacities to modulate the sensory and functional properties of plant yields; however, their modes of effects and potential benefits to cannabis are largely unknown. In this study, low-THC Cannabis sativa (cv. ‘Fairnsfield’) was grown hydroponically under controlled conditions with fertiliser supplemented with a biostimulant complex (BC) comprising molasses, Aloe vera extract, and fish hydrolysate. The harvested flowers were analysed for their volatiles, cannabinoids, and odour. Roots, leaves, and sugar leaves were analysed for their metabolites, phytohormones, and peroxidase and chitinase activities. Statistical modelling was utilised to explore associations between flower odour strength and volatiles, volatile physicochemical properties and their pharmacokinetic properties, and flower volatile and cannabinoid profiles with reviewer impressions of benefits to anxiety or depression. The results indicated that BC application induced a salicylic acid-driven defence response that increased THC and reduced volatiles within flowers, which was associated with reduced measures for odour strength, descriptors minty and fruity, and was predicted to increase the impression of benefits to depression. The reductions in cannabis odour resulting from BC treatment are expected to improve acceptability to medicinal cannabis patients requiring lower sensory stimulation such as paediatrics and those with an autism spectrum disorder.