Morphometric Analysis of the Mandibular Condyle and Ramus on Panoramic Radiographs: A Cross-Sectional Study in Hail, Saudi Arabia

Panoramic radiography reliably demonstrated condylar morphology and vertical mandibular dimensions in this population. Round condyles were the predominant morphology, and ramus height was the only parameter consistently exhibiting sexual dimorphism. Age strongly influenced mandibular vertical dimensions and molar presence. Panoramic radiographs remain valuable for population-level screening, though CBCT is necessary when detailed morphometric evaluation is required.