Phylogeny of the Harnischia generic complex (Diptera, Chironomidae) inferred from twenty whole mitogenomes

This study presents the first comprehensive mitochondrial genome analysis of three Chironomidae genera, including sequencing, assembling, and annotating mitogenomes from two <i>Paracladopelma</i> species, one <i>Parachironomus</i> species and one <i>Harnischia</i> species. These newly characterized mitogenomes were subjected to comparative genomic analysis alongside twenty previously published Chironomidae mitogenomes, enabling robust phylogenetic reconstruction within the <i>Harnischia</i> generic complex. The Ka/Ks ratio analysis reveals that most protein-coding genes (PCGs) have undergone purifying selection, with <i>ND6</i>, <i>ATP8</i>, and <i>ND5</i> exhibiting higher ω values and thus greater evolutionary flexibility. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood methods demonstrate <i>Robackia</i> as a basal group. This study expands the available mitogenomic database and provides a robust foundation for future phylogenetic analyses of the <i>Harnischia</i> generic complex.