AI in public libraries: a systematic review of global literature and an analysis of local practices in China

Purpose Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in libraries presents a significant opportunity to enhance library service. This paper aims to investigate the use of AI in public library services, focusing on both theoretical and practical dimensions, to provide valuable guidance for AI-enabled transformation in public libraries. Design/methodology/approach This paper used a mixed-method approach to bridge the global literature of AI adoption in libraries and local Chinese public library practices. A systematic literature review of papers published up to December 2024 on AI applications in libraries worldwide identified key areas of application and practical challenges, followed by a multi-case study examining the practices of 14 Chinese public libraries, tying back to the landscape of AI for library service. Findings AI applications are most commonly focused on enhancing user services and resource management. Chinese public libraries also showed unique strengths in immersive and space-based services. However, challenges persist regarding regional inequities, librarian training and professional development, technical maturity and ethical governance. In China, unbalanced digital infrastructure further complicates AI adoption, requiring context-specific strategies. Originality/value By linking the documented strategies for application fields identified in the global literature with local practices in China, this paper highlights the critical importance of context-specific planning and practice that directly considers the local context, including specific policies, funding structures and existing infrastructure.