Virtual reality in health sciences

Abstract Background Immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) are transforming health sciences through experiential learning and patient-centered interventions. However, evidence remains fragmented across disciplines, and methodological variability limits generalization. This review aimed to critically synthesize and update the scientific evidence on VR applications in education, rehabilitation, pain management, and psychological support within healthcare contexts. Methods A structured narrative–systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 and JBI guidelines. Fourteen international databases and two preprint repositories (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore, ERIC, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, bioRxiv, medRxiv) were searched for studies published between January 2015 and October 2025. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, observational, and review studies. Methodological quality was appraised using RoB2, JBI, and AMSTAR-2 tools. Results fifty studies met inclusion criteria. Evidence supports VR effectiveness in procedural and surgical education, pain relief, and neurorehabilitation, with consistent moderate-to-large effect sizes. Educational interventions improved skill acquisition and confidence; therapeutic programs enhanced motor recovery, emotional regulation, and adherence. Methodological rigor increased after 2021, although standardization of metrics, long-term evaluation, and equity of access remain limited. Conclusions VR has transitioned from experimental innovation to an evidence-based instrument that enhances learning, empathy, and recovery in healthcare. Future research should focus on longitudinal designs, ethical frameworks, and open, inclusive technologies to ensure sustainable and equitable digital transformation.