SN 2024hpj: A perspective on SN 2009ip-like events
Supernovae (SNe) IIn are terminal explosions of massive stars that are surrounded by a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Among SNe IIn, a notable subset is the SN 2009ip-like, which exhibits an initial, fainter peak attributed to stellar variability in the late evolutionary stages, followed by a brighter peak, interpreted as the SN explosion itself. In this context, we analysed the spectrophotometric evolution of SN 2024hpj, an object with a triple-peaked light curve and spectra typical of a SN IIn but with a complex line profile composed of broad P-Cygni features topped by narrow emissions. Comparing it with other SN 2009ip-like events in the literature, as well as with other unpublished objects (SNe 2019mry, 2022ytx, 2024uzf, and 2025csc), we identify star-forming regions as their preferred formation environment. On the other hand, the diversity of spectrophotometric features within the sample suggests that variations in CSM mass and distribution may influence the observed characteristics. We identify four sub-classes based on the luminosity and rapidity of the light curve evolution, which provides insights into possible differences in the progenitors, while a statistical analysis of their observed rate indicates progenitor masses around 25 − 31 M⊙ or lower.
Authors
- G. Pignata (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-0188)
- A. Morales-Garoffolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8830-7063)
- M. Fraser
- T. Kravtsov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-9102)
- A. Reguitti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-2724)
- L. Tartaglia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3433-1492)
- T. Kangas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5477-0217)
- S. Benetti
- A. Pastorello
- I. Salmaso
- E. Borsato
Publication Details
- Journal
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology)
- Published
- 2026-02-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556906/pdf
- Primary Topic
- Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Smithsonian Institution
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Johns Hopkins University
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- Queen's University Belfast
- Durham University
- Trinity College Dublin
- Queen's University
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
- National Central University
- Stockholms Universitet
- Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
- Junta de Andalucía
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
- Science Mission Directorate
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
- Planetary Science Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory