A Comprehensive Review of Advances and Challenges in Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Systems for Storage Tanks

This comprehensive review examines the current state and future prospects of sacrificial anode cathodic protection (CP) systems for aboveground storage tanks (ASTs). The paper synthesizes recent technological advances in anode materials, system design, and monitoring capabilities while addressing persistent challenges including inconsistent protection coverage, limited service life, and environmental compatibility issues. Key innovations discussed include novel anode alloys, smart monitoring systems integrated with IoT technologies, and hybrid CP configurations. The review identifies controlled potential applications as a promising direction for enhancing system performance and reliability. Through analysis of case studies and industrial applications, this work highlights the transition from traditional sacrificial anode systems toward more sophisticated controlled potential approaches. The findings indicate that while significant progress has been made in materials science and monitoring technologies, substantial research gaps remain in predictive modeling, long-term performance optimization, and standardization of controlled potential systems. This review provides strategic insights for researchers, engineers, and industry practitioners working toward more effective and sustainable corrosion protection solutions for critical infrastructure.