Coordinated operation of battery swapping and charging stations for electric vehicles: a review

Over the past decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has grown rapidly due to advances in EV technologies, charging infrastructure, public charging services, and improvements in battery materials. The governments in many countries have implemented policies to prohibit fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, EVs require longer charging times than refueling at gasoline stations because of charger limitations and battery characteristics, which hampers the promotion of EVs. Consequently, batteries can be swapped with fully charged ones within a few minutes at Battery Swapping Stations (BSS) similar to existing gasoline stations. However, Charging Stations (CS) are required to charge the batteries in EVs due to a lack of swapping facilities and individual constraints. Recently, researchers have examined the Battery Swapping and Charging Stations (BSCS) approach by proposing optimization methods, operational models for BSS and CS service operators, and implementations of BSS and CS at private and commercial locations. This study provides a comprehensive review of the key challenges associated with BSS and CS, including optimal location selection, coordination, charging infrastructure, charging strategies, feasibility, battery ownership models, grid integration, and battery management. Also, this article identifies key research gaps and future directions, emphasizing the need for technological innovations. It also provides integrated solutions to overcome these challenges and enhance the overall efficiency of EV infrastructure.