Authentication of Indonesian single-origin coffee with geographical indication: A systematic review

Indonesia, as a global coffee producer, has established legal protections for coffee certified with geographical indication (GI) to authenticate its origin and maintain consumer trust. Nevertheless, challenges such as GI falsification, mislabeling, and blending issues are major obstacles for Indonesian coffee in the global market. This systematic review critically evaluates recent studies on Indonesian coffee authentication and offers recommendations for future researchers on single-origin GI coffee to improve sustainable coffee farming. Original research published from 2015 to 2025 was identified using the PRISMA framework. The results of this review indicate that spectroscopy techniques combined with chemometrics yield high accuracy in distinguishing coffee types, geographical origin, processing methods, roasting levels, and detecting counterfeits. Several studies also indicate the potential use of E-nose and portable devices for field applications. The main challenges include limited access to technology, a lack of national standardization of methods, and a research focus that is still concentrated on certain coffees. This study recommends the development of a national database of chemical and sensory profiles of Indonesian GI coffee integrated with machine learning, as well as cross-sector collaboration to create a reliable portable authentication system to strengthen the global competitiveness of Indonesian coffee.