Effectiveness of the Spencer technique on pain, disability and range of motion in patients with frozen shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

The Spencer technique provides clinical benefits compared with CPTs. However, it does not demonstrate significant superiority over other manual therapy approaches in patients with FS. Incorporation of muscle energy technique enhances its therapeutic effects. Future trials with long-term follow-up and stage-specific analyses are warranted to clarify treatment durability or optimize clinical application.