Cognitive training, exercise training or combined training? A comparative effectiveness research study on subjective and objective cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis

Comparing three different behavioral treatments, we found that exercise training (TW), computer-based cognitive training (BS), and their combination (BS + TW) significantly improved subjective cognitive performance, with the combined group showing the most long-lasting effect. Objective cognitive performance improved significantly in the TW and BS + TW group, while cognitive training alone showed no effect. Results suggest that combining exercise with cognitive training may provide additional cognitive benefits than either intervention alone.