Laparoscopic Anatomic Characteristics of Internal Spermatic Veins at the 2 Cm Above Internal Inguinal Ring Area

The anatomic structure of internal spermatic veins under laparoscopy is clear at 2 cm above internal inguinal ring, and the number of veins and the distribution of arteries have certain characteristics, which contribute to reducing missed veins ligation and avoiding accidental ligation of arteries and lymphatic vessels. Those findings contribute to offer an anatomical basis for improving treatment efficacy and minimizing surgical complications.