Novel Simulation With 3D-Printed Spine for Teaching Durotomy Repair: A Technique Guide and Validation Study

The model offers surgical trainees a controlled environment to practice technical skills without increasing risk for patients or prolonging surgical cases. The model demonstrated its validity by showing that more senior participants outperformed junior residents during their initial attempts. Performance improvement across all groups with repeated exposure indicates that the model not only tests a relevant and realistic skill set, but also facilitates skill development over time. Given the challenges associated with intraoperative training as well as the complications associated with durotomies, the proposed simulator has the potential to benefit surgical trainees and patients.