Predictors of Late-Life Depression and the Mediating Role of Digital Inclusion Across Living Arrangements in Vietnam

Rapid population aging in Vietnam raises concerns about late-life depression. This study analyzed data from 4,457 adults aged 60+ in the 2018 Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health to identify predictors of depressive symptoms and assess whether digital inclusion mediates the effects of living arrangements. Weighted logistic regression examined associations, and generalized structural equation modeling assessed mediation, adjusting for demographic, health, and social factors. Living with non-spouse/non-child members, rural residence, disability, chronic disease, lower education, and limited social participation were linked to higher depression risk. In rural areas, device-only use reduced this risk. This digital pathway fully mediated the protective effects of "Living Alone" or "Living with Spouse Only" and partially offset the risks of "Living with Others." No mediation effects were found in urban areas. These findings underscore the need for tailored strategies that reflect contextual differences in digital inclusion and family-based support to improve later-life mental health.