Characterisation of biochar produced from agricultural residues and its effect on soil properties

The carbon-rich substance known as biochar, which is made by pyrolysing organic wastes like wood chips, manure and agricultural waste, has attracted more attention lately because of its potential to improve soil fertility and mitigate climate change. The physicochemical characteristics, surface morphology and soil stability of biochar made from different agricultural feedstocks are all thoroughly examined in this paper. The study assesses how the pore structure, nutrient content and functional groups of biochar are influenced by varying pyrolysis temperatures, heating rates and feedstock compositions. These factors thereby impact the qualities of soil. Key findings reveal that biochar application improves soil structure, promotes water-holding ability and increases cation exchange capacity, consequently enhancing nutrient retention and plant growth. It also increases microbial activity and variety, which strengthens the resilience of soil ecosystems. In addition to its agronomic advantages, biochar stabilises organic carbon in the soil and lowers methane and nitrous oxide emissions, which is essential for long-term carbon sequestration. Biochar is an essential component of climate-smart agriculture since it combines these benefits to provide a sustainable means of boosting agricultural output, recovering degraded soils and reducing global warming.