Dual-Control Environmental–Economic Dispatch of Power Systems Considering Regional Carbon Allowances and Pollutant Concentration Constraints

To achieve more precise and regionally adaptive emission control, this study develops a dual-control framework that simultaneously constrains both total carbon emissions and pollutant concentration levels. Regional environmental heterogeneity is incorporated into the dispatch of generating units to balance emission reduction and operational efficiency. Based on this concept, a regional carbon emission allowance allocation model is constructed by integrating ecological pollutant concentration thresholds. A multi-source Gaussian plume dispersion model is further developed to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants from coal-fired power units. These pollutant concentration constraints are embedded into an environmental–economic dispatch model of a coupled electricity–hydrogen–carbon system supported by hybrid storage. By optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental damage at the energy-supply stage, the proposed model provides a low-carbon foundation for the entire industrial production cycle. This approach aligns with the sustainable development paradigm by integrating precision environmental management with circular economy principles. Simulation results reveal that incorporating pollutant concentration control can effectively reduce localized environmental pressure while maintaining overall system economy, highlighting the importance of region-specific environmental capacity in enhancing the overall environmental friendliness of the industrial chain.