Toward Sustainable Learning: A Multidimensional Framework of AI Integration, Engagement, and Digital Resilience in Saudi Higher Education

This study aims to (1) examine the impact of AI-driven learning tools (AI-LTs) on educational sustainability (EDS) and (2) investigate the mediating role of students’ engagement (SE) and the moderating effect of digital resilience (DR) in this relationship. Based on sociotechnical systems theory (STS), self-determination theory (SDT), and resilience theory, and (3) developing a multidimensional framework to explore how technological, psychological, and contextual factors interact to shape sustainable learning outcomes. Data were gathered from 387 university students in Saudi universities using a standardized questionnaire and subsequently analyzed utilizing SPSS version 28 and PROCESS Macro Version 4.0. The study performed multiple regression and moderated mediation to evaluate the proposed relationships. The results confirmed that AI-LTs significantly enhance educational sustainability. Based on the findings, AI-LTs significantly improve the long-term viability of education, particularly when it is tailored to individual students, encourages active participation, and is logical from a pedagogical perspective. Student engagement was found to influence the relationship, suggesting that when AI tools are utilized effectively, they foster a sustained commitment to education and improved learning outcomes. Furthermore, digital resilience has a significant influence on the connection between AI-LT–EDS, indicating that students who exhibited improved adaptability to digital challenges reaped considerable benefits. The research enhances the existing literature by integrating three complementary frameworks—STS, SDT, and resilience theory—to provide a comprehensive understanding of AI’s role in sustainable education. Practically, the study underscored the importance of AI integration strategies that improve digital resilience, student engagement, and structural imbalance. The results demonstrated that AI usage necessitates significant institutional support and improved technology to establish educational environments that are adaptable, resilient, and easily accessible to students.