Smartphone photogrammetry for prosthetics and orthotics: accuracy and reliability across upper-limb, lower-limb, and AFO casts

On casts, smartphone photogrammetry produced accurate and reliable meshes with favorable perceived usability and minimal hardware demands. These findings support its integration into digital workflows in P&O, particularly for scanning rectified positive casts and other stable geometries. Further multi-site evaluations on live limbs should determine acceptable capture-time thresholds and effective stabilization strategies to ensure clinical feasibility in routine practice.