Advances, challenges and prospects of origami and kirigami optoelectronics

Switchable between 2D and 3D forms, origami and kirigami have emerged as a versatile platform for deformable optoelectronic devices. Unlike electronic devices, whose electrical properties remain largely unchanged during transformation, the optoelectronic properties of these systems can vary significantly, offering opportunities for optical tunability but also introducing design challenges. Developing such devices requires careful consideration of electrical, mechanical, and optical factors. This perspective organizes these complex considerations, summarizes key advances and remaining challenges, and outlines design strategies to guide future development, highlighting how origami and kirigami can expand the functionality and potential of optoelectronic systems.