Roga Nidana in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Review of Classical Concepts and Modern Diagnostic Paradigms

Background: The discipline of Roga Nidana—encompassing the causation and interpretation of diseases—constitutes a cornerstone of Ayurvedic diagnostics. It elucidates disease evolution through the classical doctrines of Nidana panchaka and Samprapti, focusing on etiology, early warning signs, the course of pathology, complications, and outcome prediction. Simultaneously, modern precision medicine is revolutionizing diagnostics through genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and artificial intelligence. The shared emphasis on individualized assessment and early intervention creates fertile ground for conceptual integration[1,2]. Objective: This review aims to correlate the classical diagnostic structure of Roga Nidan with modern precision medicine approaches, identifying intersections that may inform predictive, preventive, and personalized models of care. Methods: A narrative synthesis of Ayurvedic canonical texts (Caraka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Madhava Nidana) was performed alongside an extensive search of biomedical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar; 2020–2025). Search keywords included Roga Nidana, 'Ayurgenomics', 'AI diagnostics', 'multi-omics', and 'digital phenotyping'[3,5]. Results: Comparative analysis revealed strong alignments between traditional and modern diagnostics: Nidana corresponds with risk assessment and exposomic profiling; Purvarupa parallels prodromal markers and digital phenotyping; Rupa mirrors clinical phenotyping; Upadrava equates with secondary complications; Sadhya-asadhyata corresponds with prognostic modeling; and Samprapti resonates with systems biology[6,8]. Opportunities lie in merging prakriti-based assessment with genomic data and AI-assisted prediction systems. Conclusion: The Roga Nidana framework provides a timeless model of individualized and anticipatory diagnosis that aligns closely with the ethos of precision medicine. By integrating Ayurvedic diagnostic wisdom with emerging digital and molecular innovations, healthcare can evolve toward a more comprehensive and ethically responsible paradigm of precision diagnostics. Keywords – Roga Nidana, Ayurgenomics ,Samprapti