Recent Development in Integrated Sensing and Communication Antenna Architectures for Cognitive Radios: Opportunities and Challenges

ABSTRACT Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a key technology for next‐generation cognitive radio (CR) systems that allows for the smooth coexistence of several wireless services and effective spectrum utilization. A comprehensive review of current developments in ISAC antenna configurations specifically designed for CR applications is provided in this article. The significant representations of CR architecture are dielectric resonator antenna (DRA)‐based CR systems and microstrip patch antenna (MPA)‐based CR systems. A communication and sensing antenna enables CR antennas to perform multiple purposes. The communication antenna, which is combined with a reconfigurable filter, offers narrowband operation for dependable data transmission, while the sensing antenna, which is usually constructed as an ultrawideband (UWB) structure, allows spectrum awareness by collecting a wide range of frequencies. The study covers key design approaches, reconfigurability strategies, and trade‐offs related to ISAC antennas in CR systems, focusing on their use in adaptive wireless communication and dynamic spectrum access. The review paper also addresses the design, challenges, and performance parameters of CR.