Hybrid solar wind microgrids with fuzzy logic-based dynamic load balancing

• A novel 25-rule fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is developed and validated for dynamic energy management in a hybrid solar-wind microgrid. • The system achieves 91.3% renewable penetration and a reduced levelized energy cost of $0.036/kWh over a 365-day simulation. • Controller performance reveals a key trade-off: prioritizing battery longevity results in a 24.89% Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP). • The tunable FLC architecture demonstrates a 24.7% improvement in LPSP over conventional threshold-based control. This paper presents a hybrid solar–wind microgrid framework with a centralized fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for optimized energy management in off-grid and grid-connected applications. The system integrates photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, and battery storage, coordinated by a 25‑rule adaptive FLC that dynamically dispatches power based on real‑time generation‑demand mismatch and battery state of charge (SOC). A comprehensive 365‑day annual MATLAB simulation is performed using synthetically generated meteorological profiles with realistic seasonal and diurnal variations to evaluate system performance. Key contributions include: (1) an SOC‑aware fuzzy decision structure, (2) a corrected energy‑balance tracking methodology, and (3) annual techno‑economic optimization with time‑of‑use pricing. Simulation results demonstrate a renewable energy penetration of 91.3 %, a loss of power supply probability (LPSP) of 24.89 %, a battery utilization rate of 11.5 %, and an average energy cost of $0.036/kWh, with a total annual system cost of $12,596. This represents a 15 % cost reduction compared to threshold‑based control and a 32 % reduction relative to an uncontrolled baseline. Performance is validated through detailed metrics including energy contribution analysis (solar: 63.4 %, wind: 26.3 %, battery: 3.0 %, grid: 7.3 %), self‑sufficiency (70.3 %), self‑consumption (73.8 %), monthly generation patterns, battery cycling behavior, and economic optimization across 8,760 hourly intervals. The proposed FLC exhibits robust adaptive performance, showing a 15 % reduction in LPSP and a 66 % reduction in grid dependency compared to the uncontrolled case. The conservatively-tuned controller prioritizes battery longevity, resulting in an LPSP of 24.89%, which can be reduced if higher reliability is required. The study provides a validated annual performance assessment that addresses seasonal variability and offers a scalable pathway for hybrid microgrids with enhanced resilience and cost efficiency.