Persistent inequities in neonatal encephalopathy: a 30-year global burden analysis (1990–2021)

Despite an overall reduction in the global NE burden, it remains disproportionately concentrated in resource-limited settings. Persistent disparities in low- and middle-SDI regions necessitate urgent, targeted interventions-including scaled-up perinatal care, strengthened health infrastructure, and region-specific strategies-to mitigate inequities. Middle- to high-SDI countries must address evolving epidemiological patterns. Equitable expansion of rehabilitation resources is critical to improving long-term outcomes and reducing disease burden.