Assessment of nutritional and functionality potential of Palak (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis) germplasm: A mineral-rich Northern Indian traditional and underutilized green leafy vegetable

The present investigation aimed to genetically evaluate palak ( Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis ) germplasm to identify nutritionally superior genotypes rich in essential minerals and bioactive compounds. Forty genetically diverse genotypes were biochemically profiled over two consecutive seasons. Genetic variability, heritability, and trait associations were assessed through parameter estimation, principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and hierarchical clustering. Substantial diversity was observed for mineral nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Na, S) and phytochemicals [total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH)]. Genotype PP35 showed maximum Mg (9751.33), Cu (17.60), and K (1476.23) in mg/kg, while PP36 exhibited highest Zn (86.83 mg/kg), P (9533.33 mg/kg), and Fe (829.47 mg/kg) concentrations with high inter-seasonal stability. PP46 and PP47 recorded >93% DPPH inhibition, and PP17 and PP7 showed >430 mg GAE/100 g DW TPC. High heritability (>0.95) and genetic advance for Fe, TPC, TFC, S, P, and K indicated strong additive gene action. PCA revealed that PC1 and PC2 explained 43.5% of total variation. Cluster analysis identified eight elite genotypes combining micronutrient density, antioxidant potential, and stability. These findings provide a genetic foundation for biofortification and functional food development to enhance nutritional security. • Comprehensive two-year evaluation of 40 genetically diverse palak ( Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis ) genotypes which is considered a mines of minerals yet unexplored crop. • This is green leafy vegetable is an indigenous crop and being used for culinary purposes since antiquity. • Significant genotypic variability observed for key mineral nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn), antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids. • Elite genotypes (PP35, PP36, PP46, PP17, PP47, PP7, PP14, PP43) identified with multi-trait superiority for mineral density, antioxidant potential, and seasonal stability. • High heritability (>0.95) and genetic advance for traits like Fe, P, K, S, TPC, and TFC suggest strong additive gene action and scope for direct selection. • Trait correlations reveal critical insights, including strong positive associations (e.g., Mg–P) and antagonistic relationships (e.g., Fe vs. TPC/TFC/P). • Underutilized but nutrient-dense leafy vegetable demonstrated significant potential for sustainable food and nutrition security. • Findings support functional food development, with high-value genotypes suitable for use in cost-effective, mineral- and antioxidant-enriched food formulations among all stakeholders including food technologists, nutritionists, food policy makers, industry and eventually consumers.