Anatomical Study of the Angular Branch of the Thoracodorsal Artery and the Lateral Border of the Scapula With Application to Reconstructive Surgery

The angular artery is a branch of the thoracodorsal artery, which is the terminal branch of the subscapular artery and is known to supply the inferior angle of the scapula. The lack of detailed anatomical research and clinical outcome studies hinders the ability to fully exploit the use of this artery and the scapula it supplies. Addressing such knowledge gaps through focused anatomical studies and large-scale clinical trials will enhance the understanding and utilization of the angular branch in surgical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Seven sides (five on the left sides and two on the right sides) from six embalmed cadavers were used in this study. The subscapular artery arising from the axillary artery was identified supine with the arm extended. The thoracodorsal artery was dissected under the surgical microscope to ascertain where it supplied the bone. Macroscopic and microscopic observation was conducted. The angular branch had a consistent course traveling inferiorly on the lateral border of the scapula on six sides out of seven. In three specimens, the angular branch was found to have a clear continuation that supplied the inferior border. In one specimen, a branch wrapped around the lateral border of the scapula, traveling toward its medial aspect. The lateral border was thicker than the medial border on all sides. Histological observation of the lateral border demonstrated blood cells within the trabeculae. We confirmed that the angular branch of the thoracodorsal artery supplies the lateral border and inferior angle of the scapula. This fundamental anatomical knowledge will help plan future reconstructive surgeries.